Psychometric Properties of an Instrument to Assess the Barriers to Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence among the Argentinian Population / Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento de evaluación de barreras para la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en población argentina / Propriedades psicométricas de um instrumento para avaliar as barreiras à adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral na população argentina

Aim: To adapt and validate an existing instrument to assess the barriers to antiretroviral treatment adherence among individuals with hiv in Córdoba, Argentina. Materials and methods: The final sample population included 180 Argentinian people. The mean age of the participants was 40.61 (sd = 12.032) years and 82.8% were men. Various internal structure and reliability and validity studies with other variables were conducted on the study population (n = 180). Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis were consistent with the factorial structure of the original study. However, to achieve this, items that had low factorial loads and were redundant had to be eliminated. Coefficient ω values of .833 on the Information sub-scale, .759 on the Motivation subscale, and .888 on the Behavioral Skills subscale were obtained. Significant correlations were determined between the results of adherence and barriers to treatment. Conclusion: The results suggest that the instrument can be used to assess the barriers to antiretroviral treatment adherence in Córdoba, Argentina. Although further research is warranted, these results are promising.

adaptar y validar un instrumento para evaluar barreras a la adherencia antirretroviral en personas que conviven con el vih en Córdoba (Argentina). Materiales y métodos: la muestra final incluyó 180 participantes argentinos. La media de edad fue de 40.61 (de = 12.032) y el 82.8 % fueron hombres. Sobre la muestra (n = 180) se efectuaron estudios de estructura interna, confiabilidad y validez con otras variables. Resultados: el análisis factorial confirmatorio arrojó resultados congruentes con la estructura factorial del estudio original, aunque para ello fue necesario eliminar ciertos ítems que presentaban bajas cargas factoriales y que pueden ser representados por otros ítems, debido a información redundante. Se obtuvieron coeficientes ω = 0.833 en la subescala información; ω = 0.759 en la subescala motivación, y ω = 0.888 en la subescala habilidades comportamentales. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre los resultados de adherencia al tratamiento y barreras al tratamiento. Conclusión: aunque se requieren de mayores investigaciones, los resultados son promisorios, sugieren que el instrumento puede usarse para evaluar barreras de la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en Córdoba.

adaptar e validar um instrumento de barreiras à adesão anti-retroviral em pessoas vivendo com hivem Córdoba, Argentina. Materiais e métodos: A amostra final incluiu 180 participantes argentinos. A idade média era de 40,61 anos (sd = 12,032) e 82,8% eram homens. Com a amostra (n = 180) foram realizados estudos de estrutura interna, confiabilidade e validade com outras variáveis. Resultados: a análise fatorial confirma-tória apresentou resultados adequados com a estrutura fatorial do estudo original, embora para isso tenha sido necessário eliminar alguns itens que apresentavam baixas cargas fatoriais e poderiam ser representados por outros itens devido a informações redundantes. Os coeficientes ω = 0,833 foram obtidos na subescala informação; ω = 0,759 na subescala motivação, y ω = 0,888 na subescala competências comportamentais. Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre os resultados do adherencia al tratamiento e do barreiras à adesão ao tratamento. Conclusão: embora mais pesquisas sejam necessárias, os resultados são promissores, sugerindo que o instrumento pode ser usado para avaliar as barreiras à adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral em Córdoba, Argentina.

Validación del inventario de pensamientos negativos en respuesta al dolor en población argentina con cefaleas primarias / Validation of the inventory of negative thoughts in response to pain in the argentine population with primary headaches

Resumen: Procesos cognitivos tales como pensamientos negativos son importantes moduladores de la experiencia de dolor. El Inventario de Pensamientos Negativos en Respuesta al Dolor (INTRP) es una herramienta que permite evaluar los pensamientos automáticos negativos asociados a la experiencia dolorosa. El presente trabajo se enfoca en la validación del INTRP en población argentina. Se testearon varios modelos previos, llegando al mejor ajuste el modelo de cinco factores: 1) autoverbalizaciones negativas, 2) pensamientos negativos de apoyo social, 3) pensamientos de discapacidad, 5) pensamientos de falta de control y 5) pensamientos de autoinculpación. Este modelo posee la misma estructura factorial que la hallada en la versión española, el cual posee un nivel mayor de especificidad en la detección de cogniciones asociadas al dolor. Se puede concluir que el INTRP es una herramienta confiable para su uso en el ámbito clínico que permita enfocar la terapia psicológica de argentinos con cefaleas.

Abstract: Cognitive processes such as negative thoughts are important modulators of the pain experience. The Inventory of Negative Thoughts in Response to Pain (INTRP) is a tool that allows evaluating negative automatic thoughts associated with the painful experience. The present work focuses on the validation of the INTRP in the Argentine population. Several previous models were tested, reaching the best fit of the five-factor model: 1) negative self-verbalizations, 2) negative thoughts of social support, 3) thoughts of disability, 5) thoughts of lack of control and 5) thoughts of self-blame. This model has the same factor structure as that found in the Spanish version, which has a higher level of specificity in detecting cognitions associated with pain. It can be concluded that the INTRP is a reliable tool for use in the clinical setting that allows to focus the psychological therapy of Argentines with headaches.

Affective comorbidity in patients with hypertension: a case-control study on adults in the Dominican Republic / Comorbilidad afectiva en personas con hipertensión arterial: un estudio de caso-control en adultos dominicanos

Abstract Research on the relationship between hypertension and variables linked to negative affectivity has given rise to divergent findings and differing interpretations. The main objective of this paper was therefore to shed light on the issue by analyzing measures of depression, anxiety and anger in adults suffering from hypertension (HTN). Based on a case-control design, a group of individuals suffering from HTN (n=50) was compared with a control group of the same number of cases, age and sex. In general, the HTN Group showed higher levels of depression in its somatic dimension and of trait anger in its temperament dimension. Individuals with HTN presented symptoms of irritability and loss of energy (depressive-somatic symptoms) and propensity to anger easily (temperament anger symptoms). It has been demonstrated in preceding researches that addressing these comorbid psychological factors is of importance in increase adherence to medical treatment in patients who have been diagnosed with hypertension or similar pathologies.

Resumen En la literatura científica se encuentra un gran número de controversias y resultados dispares a la hora de explicar la relación entre la hipertensión arterial y algunas variables vinculadas a la afectividad negativa, como la depresión, la ansiedad y la ira. Teniendo esto en cuenta, en la presente investigación se planteó como objetivo principal analizar medidas de ansiedad, depresión e ira en personas adultas que padecen de hipertensión arterial (HTA). A partir de un diseño de caso-control, se contrastaron dos grupos, uno conformado por personas con HTA (n = 50) y otro de control equiparado en número de casos, edad y sexo. A nivel general, el grupo de HTA mostró mayores niveles de depresión -en su dimensión somática- y de ira-rasgo -en su dimensión de temperamento-. Asimismo, las personas con HTA presentaron síntomas de irritabilidad y pérdida de energía -síntomas depresivo-somáticos-, además de que tendían a enojarse con facilidad o rápidamente -síntomas de temperamento de ira-. El abordaje de estos factores psicológicos comórbidos resulta de relevancia dado que en estudios precedentes ha demostrado aumentar la adherencia al tratamiento médico en pacientes que han sido diagnosticados con hipertensión o patologías similares.

Núcleo básico en el análisis de datos cualitativos: pasos, técnicas de identificación de temas y formas de presentación de resultados / Basic Core in the Analysis of Qualitative Data: Steps, Techniques to Identify Themes, and Data Display Forms

Resumen En la investigación cualitativa, el análisis y la interpretación de los datos es una tarea de difícil manejo, incluso para los investigadores más experimentados. Si bien existen muchas técnicas disponibles para llevar a cabo el análisis de datos cualitativos, algunos autores relevantes del área proponen que es posible identificar un núcleo básico sin necesidad de hacer coincidir las distintas perspectivas del método cualitativo. Hacer foco en esta comunalidad permitirá hacer más comprensible la tarea de análisis para los investigadores noveles. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es mostrar en qué consiste este núcleo básico de análisis, dando cuenta de los pasos necesarios para llevarlo a cabo. Además, se revisan técnicas concretas para la detección de temas, se presentan ejemplos haciendo uso del software Atlas.ti, y se muestran las formas posibles de presentación de los resultados.

Abstract Within the research process, the analysis of the data emerges as one of the most important steps. In qualitative research, the analysis of data is a difficult task for even the most experienced researchers and often brings up many doubts about the way to implement it. It is therefore necessary to have material that facilitates the analysis process. Even though there are numerous manuals that focus on the analysis of qualitative data, researchers often can be confused with the large number of names that this type of analysis receives (e.g. Thematic Analysis, Content Analysis) or with the various qualitative methods (e.g. Phenomenology, Grounded Theory) that are available. Each of these qualitative approaches presents a particular language to detail the research process, which makes it difficult to recognize common aspects shared by these methods. Recently, the American Psychological Association has emphasized the need to identify, within the various qualitative methods and procedures, shared standards for reporting this type of work. In agreement with the above, several qualitative researchers have pointed out that beyond the aforementioned diversity it is possible to identify a basic core with regard to qualitative analysis, without having to match the different perspectives of the qualitative method, such as Grounded Theory, Ethnography ore Phenomenology. Focusing on this communality will facilitate a simpler and clearer approach to the data analysis process. The analysis process mainly involves 1) data condensation, and 2) presentation of results. Following this line, the present manuscript aims to: (a) develop what the basic core of data analysis consists of, (b) show the necessary steps to carry out this analysis process, (c) review specific techniques for the detection of categories, (d) present examples using the Atlas.ti software, and (e) show the possible ways of presenting the results. Researchers have realized the importance of having methodological works that facilitate the analysis of qualitative data, and allow answering the question: What does qualitative analysis look like in practice?. The development of this type of work pretends on the one hand to facilitate the understanding of the process of qualitative data analysis and, on the other hand, serve to shape better and in a more standard way which was the data analysis procedure applied in the respective investigations. This material should be taken as a first step in the understanding of the process, and it should not be understood that the qualitative analysis is reduced only to what is developed in this article. For example, in the first level grouping step or first coding cycle, the researcher can make use of 25 different types or forms of coding (e.g., live coding). Even so, the development of works such as the present manuscript is intended to facilitate the understanding and reporting the process of qualitative data analysis. Beyond the name with which the researcher calls the analysis procedure carried out, it is relevant to report in his works the basic steps (i.e. Identification, First and Second Level of Categorization), and the specific techniques used to detect categories or topics (e.g. repetition or similarities). Likewise, it is advisable to follow the guidelines recently published by the APA for the publication of qualitative research. We hope that this material will be useful especially for new researchers who need an introductory text to carry out the qualitative data analysis.

Medición del burnout: Estructura factorial, validez y confiabilidad en trabajadores argentinos / Measurement of burnout: Factor structure, validity and reliability in Argentinean

El burnout representa uno de los daños de carácter laboral y psicosocial más importantes en el mundo actual. En el presente trabajo se analiza la estructura factorial, la validez y la confiabilidad de una medida de burnout en Argentina, compuesta por las escalas del Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) y la subescala de despersonalzación correspondiente al Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services. Se utilizó una muestra de 1903 trabajadores del sector público, privado y organizaciones sin fines de lucro. Para evaluar la estructura interna se pusieron a prueba un total de seis modelos. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de análisis factorial confirmatorio, indican que un modelo de dos factores correlacionados, compuesto por las dimensiones corazón del burnout (agotamiento y cinismo), es el que posee un mejor ajuste a los datos. Por su parte, los análisis de confiabilidad evidenciaron una consistencia interna aceptable, como así también una adecuada fiabilidad de constructo para los factores. Finalmente, se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas y en la dirección esperada entre los factores del burnout y medidas de engagement y afecto, proporcionando así evidencia externa de validez concurrente para los puntajes de la escala. Globalmente, los resultados son satisfactorios y avalan el uso del MBI-GS en el contexto argentino, aunque se requiere de nuevos estudios que examinen otras propiedades psicométricas relevantes. Se discuten las implicaciones de este trabajo para la evaluación y la investigación sobre burnout en Argentina.

Over last decades increasing globalization, privatization and liberalization caused significant changes at work, including demands of learning new skills, the need to adopt new types of works, higher pressure of productivity and quality of work, and time pressure, which, in turn, increased rapidly work stress-related phenomenon such as burnout. To date, burnout has become one of the most active research areas in Occupational Health Psychology, spreading attention from researchers, practitioners and policymakers. Despite thousands of investigations on burnout, there is currently an on going debate surrounding its conceptualization and measurement, particularly the dimensions of burnout syndrome. In addition, although several studies have been conducted in Argentina, no study so far has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties of any measure of burnout that supports it use. Consequently, the current study sought to examine the internal structure, validity and reliability of a composite measure of burnout compounded by the three scales from Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and the depersonalization subscale from Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services. A sample of 1903 Argentinean workers from public, private and non-profit sectors participated in the study. To ascertain the more appropriate factor structure of burnout several competing models were tested, specifically: (M1) A one-factor model that assumes burnout as a one-dimensional construct; (M2) A two-factor correlated model with only exhaustion and cynicism (core model); (M3) A two-factor correlated model with exhaustion and cynicism combined into a latent variable and professional inefficacy into another; (M4) A three-factor correlated model with cynicism and depersonalization collapsed into one factor (mental distance), exhaustion and professional inefficacy; (M5) A three-factor correlated model including exhaustion, cynicism and depersonalization; and (M6) A four-factor correlated model with exhaustion, cynicism, depersonalization and professional inefficacy as latent variables. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the two-factor correlated model including the core dimensions of burnout (exhaustion and cynicism) provided the best fit to the data. Reliability analyses demonstrated that both exhaustion and cynicism have good internal consistency and adequate construct reliability, which coefficient value supper .70. As expected, exhaustion and cynicism were significantly and negatively related with engagement and positive affect, and positively related with negative affect, supporting for concurrent validity. Overall, these results are in agreement with recent studies suggesting a more parsimonious conceptualization of burnout that includes only exhaustion and cynicism as more appropriate. We did not find support for professional inefficacy as a component of burnout. Thus, in accordance with some researchers, we suggest that professional inefficacy might be more appropriately conceptualized as a predictor or a consequence -or even both- rather than as a component of burnout. However, due to cross- sectional design used in this study, longitudinal study to test such contention is needed. Furthermore, the current findings support the use of exhaustion and cynicism subscales of MBI-GS for assessing burnout in Argentina, making available a useful tool for practitioners and researchers interested in prevention and treatment of job burnout. Nonetheless, it would be worthwhile to conduct further research in order to examine additional relevant psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability and predictive, convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, it would be important for future research to test the invariance of the two-factor model across different occupations, which might strengthen the findings obtained herein and provide evidence that support the validity of conclusions based on comparison between occupational groups. Finally, future investigation should also investigate the robustness of MBI-GS against social desirability bias.

Evaluación de un modelo socio-cognitivo de la satisfacción laboral en trabajadores argentinos / Avaliação de um modelo sócio-cognitivo da satisfação trabalhista em trabalhadores argentinos / Evaluation of a socio-cognitive model of job satisfaction in Argentine workers

Muchas teorías se han elaborado con el objeto de identificar los factores que permitan explicar la satisfacción laboral. Una de ellas es el Modelo Social Cognitivo de la Profesión propuesto por Lent. Este modelo propone integrar los factores afectivos-disposicionales y situacionales (condiciones laborales) con elementos socio-cognitivos y conductuales, los cuales afecten la satisfacción laboral. La presente investigación se propuso verificar el ajuste del modelo al contexto argentino por medio del análisis de ecuaciones estructurales. Las variables incluidas explican el 64% de la Satisfacción Laboral. Asimismo, la mayoría de los path sugeridos por este modelo hacen una contribución significativa a la satisfacción, tanto directa como indirectamente. Considerando los resultados obtenidos pueden proponerse medidas preventivas, de promoción, o de solución para situaciones de insatisfacción laboral.

Muitas teorias foram elaboradas com o objetivo de identificar os fatores explicativos da satisfação no trabalho. Uma delas é o Modelo Social Cognitivo da Profissão proposto por Lent. Este modelo propõe integrar os fatores afetivos disposicionais e situacionais (condições de trabalho) com elementos sócio-cognitivos e de conduta, os quais afetam a satisfação no trabalho. A presente investigação se propôs a verificar o ajuste do modelo ao contexto argentino mediante análise de equações estruturais. As variáveis incluídas explicam 64% da variância da satisfação no trabalho. Desse modo, a maioria dos caminhos sugeridos por este modelo oferecem uma contribuição significativa à satisfação, tanto direta como indiretamente. Os resultados obtidos permitem elaborar medidas preventivas, de promoção, ou de solução para situações de insatisfação no trabalho.

Many theories have been developed in order to identify the factors that explain job satisfaction. One of them is the Cognitive Social Model of Profession proposed by Lent. This model proposes to integrate affective-dispositional and situational factors (working conditions) with socio-cognitive and behavioural elements, which affect job satisfaction. The purpose of this investigation was to verify the adjustment of the model to the Argentinean context through the analysis of structural equations. The variables included explain 64% of the variability in labour satisfaction. Likewise, most of the paths suggested by this model make a significant contribution to satisfaction, both directly and indirectly. Considering the results obtained, preventive, promotional or solution measures can be proposed for situations of labour dissatisfaction.

Concepciones de la Felicidad y su relación con el Bienestar Subjetivo: un estudio mediante Redes Semánticas Naturales / Conceptions of happiness and its relationship with subjective well-being: A study through Natural Semantic Networks

La búsqueda de la felicidad es uno de los fines más ansiados por los seres humanos. Así mismo, cada vez son más los estudios dentro de la psicología que buscan hallar cuáles son los factores involucrados en la felicidad. Existen dos grandes enfoques para su estudio, el paradigma hedonista y el paradigma eudaimónico. El paradigma hedónico propone que el bienestar depende principalmente de vivir una vida con experiencias placenteras; mientras que el paradigma eudaimónico refiere que el bienestar no solo se logra mediante el placer, sino principalmente a través de la actualización del potencial humano. En el presente estudio se trabajó con una muestra compuesta por 340 ciudadanos de Córdoba (Argentina) para indagar cuáles son sus concepciones sobre la felicidad mediante la técnica de Redes Semánticas Naturales (RSN). En este sentido, se propusieron dos hipótesis: 1) los participantes concebirán la felicidad tanto en términos hedónicos como eudaimónicos y 2) aquellos participantes con mayores niveles de felicidad tendrán una concepción predominantemente eudaimónica de la felicidad. La primera de las hipótesis pudo corroborarse de manera amplia dado que las definiciones obtenidas, tanto en la muestra total como en los grupos comparados, contenían tanto componentes hedónicos como eudaimónicos. Así mismo, se aporta evidencia a favor de la segunda hipótesis, esto es que los participantes con mayores niveles de felicidad subjetiva presentan una concepción predominantemente eudaimónica de la felicidad.

The pursuit of happiness is one of the most coveted goals of human beings. There are increasingly more psychology studies seeking to find which factors are involved in happiness. There are two main approaches to this study: the hedonic and the eudaemonic paradigms. The hedonic paradigm proposes that well-being depends primarily on living a life with pleasant experiences, while the eudaemonic paradigm refers that well-being is not only achieved through pleasure, but mainly through upgrading the human potential. In the present study we worked with a sample consisting of 340 citizens of Córdoba (Argentina) to investigate which conceptions they have about happiness by the technique of Natural Semantic Networks (NSN). Two hypotheses were proposed in this regard: 1) participants will conceive happiness both in hedonic and eudaemonic terms, and 2) those participants with higher levels of happiness will have a predominantly eudaemonic conception of happiness. The first hypothesis was corroborated broadly, because the definitions obtained in the total sample and in the groups being compared contained both hedonic and eudaemonic components. Likewise, evidence favoring the second hypothesis is also provided; that is, participants with higher levels of subjective happiness have a predominantly eudaemonic conception of happiness.

Evidencias de validez y fiabilidad de las Puntuaciones del STAXI-2 para población general y hospitalaria: Estudio con una muestra de adultos de República Dominicana / Evidence of validity and reliability of the STAXI-2 Scores for the general and hospital population: Study with a sample of adults from the Dominican Republic

Resumen Para evaluar la experiencia, expresión y control de la ira, Spielberger construyó el Inventario State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. El presente trabajo se propuso evaluar la validez y confiabilidad de las puntuaciones de la versión española del STAXI-2 para población general y hospitalaria de República Dominicana. Con este fin se analizó su estructura factorial, se evaluó la consistencia interna del instrumento, y se obtuvieron evidencias de validez mediante el contraste de grupo (población general vs. hospitalaria). Para realizar el estudio se trabajó con muestra de total de 1034 participantes, de población general (N = 792) y hospitalaria (N = 242) de la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana. El análisis factorial confirmatorio permitió verificar el ajuste de los modelos originales para todas las escalas de ira (i.e. modelo de tres factores para la escala de ira-estado; modelo de dos factores para la escala de ira-rasgo; y modelo de cuatro factores para la escala de control y expresión de la ira). Todas las dimensiones descritas alcanzaron índices de fiabilidad aceptables y óptimos. Finalmente, las escalas consideradas discriminaron adecuadamente entre población general y hospitalaria, especialmente cuando se consideró la muestra psiquiátrica. En conjunto los resultados permiten concluir que las puntuaciones de la versión española del STAXI-2 son válidas y confiables para medir el estado-rasgo, y control-expresión de la ira en República Dominicana.

Abstract To measure the experience, expression and control of anger, Spielberger built the Inventory State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. This paper under took to evaluate the validity and reliability of the scores of the Spanish version of the STAXI-2 for the general and hospital population of the DR. To this end, the factorial structure was analyzed, the internal consistency of the instrument was evaluated, and evidence of validity was obtained by contrasting groups (general vs. hospital population). To conduct the study, we worked with a sample of 1034 participants from both the general population (N = 792) and hospital population (N = 242) from the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. The confirmatory factor analysis allowed to verify the adjustment of the original models for all anger scales (i.e. three-factor model for the anger-state scale, two-factor model for the anger-trait scale, and four-factor model for the scale of control and expression of anger). All the dimensions reached acceptable or optimal reliability indexes. Finally, the scales adequately discriminated between the general and hospital population, especially when the psychiatric sample was considered. Overall, the results allow us to conclude that the scores of the Spanish version of the STAXI-2 are valid and reliable to measure the state trait, and control-expression of anger in the DR.

Evaluación de un modelo sociocognitivo de autoeficacia, burnout y engagement en el trabajo: análisis de invarianza entre Argentina y España / Evaluation of a socio-cognitive model of self-efficacy, burnout and work engagement: invariance analysis between Argentina and Spain

Resumen Basado en la "teoría cognitiva social", el objetivo del presente trabajo es poner a prueba la invarianza estructural de un modelo sociocognitivo en donde la autoeficacia profesional desempeña un rol predictor del burnout y del engagement en el trabajo, en dos muestras independientes y heterogéneas de trabajadores españoles (N =1.406) y argentinos (N = 687). Se realizó un estudio ex post facto prospectivo utilizando ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) y análisis multivariante de la varianza (MANOVA) para analizar la invarianza del modelo y determinar si existen diferencias en las variables estudiadas en función del país. Los resultados de SEM y MANOVA muestran que: a) luego de incorporar algunas re-especificaciones al modelo de relaciones de la autoeficacia, burnout y engagement, este es invariante en las dos muestras (x2 = 209.61, gl = 16, p<.001, CFI = .94, IFI = .94, TLI = .94 RMSEA = .07); b) la autoeficacia profesional tiene una influencia negativa sobre el corazón del burnout (β Argentina = -.25 y β España = -.22, p < .001) y positiva con el corazón del engagement (β Argentina = .34 y β España = .41, p < .001), y c) existen diferencias significativas en función del país, mostrando en los trabajadores argentinos puntuaciones significativamente más altas en autoeficacia (F =107.13, p<.001). Los resultados corroboran la importancia de las creencias de autoeficacia sobre el burnout y engagement tanto en Argentina como en España.

Abstract Building upon Social Cognitive Theory, the purpose of the current study was to test a model in which self-efficacy beliefs influence job burnout and engagement, and to examine its invariance across Spanish (n = 1406) and Argentinean (n = 687) employees from private and public sectors. A prospective expo facto study was carried out, using a structural equation model (SEM), and analyzes were also carried out on the internal consistency of the scales (α Cronbach) and MANOVA to analyze differences in the variables studied according to the country. The results of SEM and Analysis of Variance show that: (a) after incorporating some respecifications into the relationship model of self-efficacy, burnout and engagement, this is invariant in the two samples (X 2= 209.61, gl = 16, p <. 001, CFI = .94, IFI = .94, TLI = .94 RMSEA = .07); (b) professional self-efficacy has a negative and significant influence on the heart of burnout (β Argentina = -.25 and β Spain = -.22, p <.001), while the influence is significant and positive with the heart of the engagement (β Argentina = .34 and β Spain = .41, p <.001). while it is positively associated with engagement levels, regardless of the country; (c) there are significant differences according to the country, showing the Argentine workers scores significantly higher in self-efficacy (F = 107.13, p <.001). The results show that self-efficacy influences both burnout and engagement and this is maintained in both countries.

Estructura del bienestar subjetivo mediante análisis bifactor: ¿Unidimensional o multidimensional? / Estrutura do bem-estar subjetivo mediante análise bifator: unidimensional ou multidimensional? / Subjective well-being, unidimensional or multidimensional? Bi-factor analysis in a sample of college students

En la presente investigación se analizó la estructura del bienestar subjetivo (BS) propuesto por Diener (1985) aplicando un modelo bifactor. Participaron 281 estudiantes cordobeses (61.2% mujeres; Medad = 21.7) que fueron evaluados con la Satisfaction with Life Scale y la Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, siendo la primera una medida de satisfacción con la vida (SV) y la segunda, de afecto positivo (AP) y negativo (AN). Fue realizado el análisis factorial confirmatorio con el fin de evaluar dos modelos: oblicuo (AP, AN, y SV) y bifactor, con un factor general (FG) que representan el BS, y tres específicos. El modelo bifactor tuvo mejor ajuste, aunque los resultados obtenidos (e.g., ωh) indican que el FG sólo explica el 15,9% de la variabilidad de las puntuaciones. Por eso, el modelo propuesto por Diener (1985) tiene mayor respaldo, demostrando evidencia sobre la multidimensionalidad del BS al diferenciar aspectos afectivos y cognitivos. (AU)

Na presente pesquisa, foi analisada a estrutura do Bem-Estar Subjetivo (BS) proposto por Diener (1985), aplicando um modelo bi-fatorial. Participaram 281 estudantes cordobeses (61,2% mulheres, Mida = 21,7), que foram avaliadas com a Satisfaction with Life Scale e a Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, sendo a primeira a medida de satisfação com a vida (SV) e a segunda, de afeto positivo (AP) e negativo (AN). Foi executada a análise fatorial confirmatória para avaliar dois modelos: oblíquo (AP, AN, y SV) e bi-fatorial, com um fator geral (FG) que representa BS, e três específicos. O modelo bi-fatorial teve melhor ajuste, embora os resultados obtidos (por exemplo, ωh) indicaram que o FG só explica o 15,9% da variabilidade dos scores. Por isso, o modelo proposto por Diener (1985) tem maior respaldo, o que fornece evidência sobre a multidimensionalidade do BS ao diferenciar afetivos e cognitivos. (AU)

In the present study the subjective well-being structure (WB) proposed by Diener (1985) was analyzed through application of a bi-factor model. A total of 281 students from Córdoba, Argentina, 61.2% women, M(age) = 21.7, participated in the study, and were evaluated with Satisfaction with Life Scale (LS), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PA and NA, respectively). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate two models: oblique (PA, NA and LS) and bi-factor with a general factor (GF) representing WB, and three specific ones. The bi-factor model had a better fit, although results obtained (e.g., ωh) indicate that GF only accounts for 15.9% of the variability of scores. For this reason, the model proposed by Diener (1985) has more support, which shows evidence on the multidimensionality of WB by differentiating affective and cognitive. (AU)

El afecto y sus dimensiones: Modelos contrastados mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala PANAS / Affection and its dimensions: Models contrasted through confirmatory factor analysis of PANAS Schedule

Dentro de las mediciones mediante autorreporte, una de las escalas más mencionadas en la literatura científica sobre las emociones es la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS). Teniendo en cuenta las investigaciones precedentes, el presente trabajo tiene un objetivo principal, el de replicar en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios argentinos los hallazgos previos encontrados en otros países acerca de la dimensión factorial del PANAS. Para esto se utilizó el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Si bien en general los resultados permiten dar cuenta de las propiedades convergente, discriminante y jerárquica del Afecto propuestas por Watson (2000), no se logran corroborar del todo estos postulados. Así, se evidencia que las variables observables Alerta y Excitado presentan una ponderación cruzada, afectando el ajuste global de los modelos. Finalmente, el modelo trifactorial del Afecto es el que presenta mejores índices de ajustes, tanto para el caso oblicuo como ortogonal.

Within self-report measures, one of the most mentioned scales in the scientific literature on emotions is the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Taking into account previous research, the present work has a main objective, to replicate in a sample of Argentine university students the previous findings found in other countries about the factorial dimension of PANAS. For this, it was used the Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Although in general the results showed that the hierarchical, discriminant and convergent affection properties proposed by Watson (2000) cannot be fully corroborated. Thus, it is evident that the observable variables Alert and Excited have a cross weighting, affecting the overall adjustment of the models. Finally, the trifactorial model of the Affect is the one that presents better indices of adjustments, both for the oblique and orthogonal cases

Propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de regulación cognitiva de la emociones (CERQ) en estudiantes universitarios de lima / Psychometric properties of the cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire (CERQ) in college students from lima

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue obtener evidencias de validez para el uso del Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) en universitarios limeños. Se administró la escala a 345 estudiantes (hombres = 26.4%; mujeres = 73.6%) de edad promedio 23.17 años. Se evaluó por medio de análisis factorial confirmatorio el modelo original de nueve factores. Los índices de ajuste encontrados así como un análisis conceptual de los hallazgos sugirieron una reespecificación, eliminando uno de los ítems. Luego de dicho procedimiento se mejoró el ajuste del modelo, aunque fue observada la presencia de covariaciones de fuerte magnitud entre los factores. Posteriormente se examinó la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente alfa y el coeficiente omega, observándose valores aceptables aunque moderados. Asimismo, se realizaron correlaciones con medidas de cansancio emocional y bienestar psicológico a fin de encontrar evidencias externas de validez, encontrándose correlaciones significativas y coherentes en términos teóricos. De esta manera se corrobora que el CERQ posee propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias para su uso en la población universitaria de Lima.

Abstract The aim of this paper was to obtain evidence of validity for the use of Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in college students from Lima. The scale was administered to 345 students (male = 26.4%; women = 73.6%) of mean age 23.17 years. It was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis the original nine-factor model. The found fit indices as well as a conceptual analysis of the findings suggested a re-specification, eliminate one item. After this procedure the model fit was improved, although it was observed the presence of strong covariances between factors. Likewise, internal consistency was assessed by coefficient alpha and coefficient omega, obtaining coefficients of moderate magnitude. Also, correlations were performed with measures of emotional exhaustion and psychological well-being in order to find external evidence of validity and found significant and consistent correlations in theoretical terms.. Thus it is confirmed that the CERQ has satisfactory psychometric properties for use in college students from Lima.

Invarianza factorial del Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnarie (CERQ) en universitarios limeños y cordobeses / Factorial invariance of Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in college students from Lima and Cordoba

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio de la invarianza factorial del Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnarie (CERQ), entre universitarios limeños (Perú) y cordobeses (Argentina), a fin de realizar una comparación intercultural de las estrategias cognitivas de regulación emocional. Se contó con la participación de 345 estudiantes universitarios limeños (hombres=26.4%; mujeres = 73.6%), y 358 estudiantes universitarios de Córdoba (hombres = 49.7%; mujeres = 49.7%). Se realizó la evaluación progresiva de la invarianza factorial (configural, métrica, fuerte y estricta). Los resultados indican con relación a la invarianza configural que se verifica la estructura de nueve factores oblicuos, aunque un análisis pormenorizado y más restrictivo permite identificar un funcionamiento no-invariante en algunos reactivos e interceptos. Se concluye que las evidencias recabadas no son suficientes para elaborar un modelo explicativo de las diferencias observadas, ante lo cual podría indagarse en un futuro estudio si el uso de estas estrategias se relaciona con especificidades en las ideologías y valores de cada cultura.

The aim of this paper was to study the factorial invariance of Cognitive Emotional Regulation questionnarie (CERQ) among college students from Lima (Peru) and Cordoba (Argentina), to perform a cross-cultural comparison of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. 345 college students from Lima (men = 26.4%; women = 73.6%) and 358 college students from Córdoba (men = 49.7%; women = 49.7%) were examined. Progressive assessment of the factorial invariance (configural, metric, strong and strict) was performed. The results indicate regarding to configural invariance, the structure invariance of nine oblique factors was verified, and although a detailed analysis identifies a non-invariant functioning in some reactive and intercepts. We conclude that the collected evidence is not enough to develop a model to explain the observed differences, whereupon could ask about it in a future study whether the use of these strategies are relate to specific ideologies and values of each culture.

Validación del Cuestionario de lugar de control del dolor en estudiantes argentinos con cefaleas recurrentes / Validation of the Pain Locus of Control Questionnaire in Argentinean University Students with Headaches / Validação do Questionário de lugar de controle da dor em estudantes argentinos com dores de cabeça recorrentes

Objetivo. Validar el Cuestionario de lugar de control del dolor (CLCD) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios argentinos con cefaleas recurrentes. Método. Se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional de 382 estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina), que en los últimos seis meses habían sufrido de cefaleas. El 77.7% de la muestra fueron mujeres y el 22.3% varones, con una media de edad de 22.4 años (DE=4.2). Se realizaron estudios para evaluar la estructura interna, consistencia interna y la validez externa del cuestionario. Resultados. El análisis factorial exploratorio mostró tres factores que explicaban un 39.79% de la varianza: (1) locus de control externo por profesionales de la salud, (2) locus de control externo por azar y (3) locus de control interno. Asimismo, los valores alfa de Cronbach para evaluar la consistencia interna de los factores resultaron óptimos (valores α comprendidos entre 0.80 y 0.86).Los análisis realizados para evaluar la validez externa del cuestionario, mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, revelaron que los factores locus de control externo por profesionales de la salud y los factores locus de control externo por azar correlacionaron positivamente con la intensidad del dolor (r= 0.15, p<0.01; r=0.23, p<0.01, respectivamente), no obstante los valores obtenidos fueron bajos. Conclusión. Aunque presenta limitaciones en su validez externa, los estudios psicométricos realizados permiten concluir que el CLCD es un instrumento confiable y válido para evaluar locus de control en población universitaria argentina con dolor crónico ocasionado por cefaleas.

Objective. This study aims to validate the Pain Locus of Control Questionnaire (PLCQ) in Argentinean university students with recurrent headaches. Method. 382 university students were intentionally selected, 77.7% were females and the 22.3% males, with an average age of 22.4 years old (SD= 4.2). Psychometric studies were developed to evaluate internal structure, internal consistency and external validity. Results. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a factor structure of three dimensions that explained the 39.79% of variance: (1) health professional's external locus of control, (2) hazardous locus of control and (3) internal locus of control. Additionally, Cronbach's α values were observed to be optimal for the three factors of the scale (among 0.80 and 0.86). Although, Pearson's coefficients calculated to evaluate external validity revealed that the factors "health professionals' external locus of control" and "random external locus of control" were significantly and positively correlated to pain intensity (r=0.15/ p<0.01; r= 0.23, p<0.01, respectively), they turned out to be low. Conclusion. The psychometric studies developed in this study suggest that the PLCQ is reliable and valid to be used with Argentinean university students with recurrent headaches. However this study is preliminary, therefore more studies are needed to supplement these findings and to improve its lack of external validity.

Escopo. Validar o Questionário de lugar de controle de dor (QLCD) numa amostra de estudantes universitários argentinos com dores de cabeça recorrentes. Metodologia. Foi empregada uma amostragem não probabilística intencional de 382 estudantes universitários da cidade de Córdoba (Argentina) que nos últimos seis meses têm sofrido dores de cabeça. O 77.7% da amostra foram mulheres e 22.3% homens, com uma média de idade de 22.4 anos de idade (DE= 4.2). Foram realizados estudos para avaliar a estrutura interna, consistência interna e a validez externa do questionário. Resultados. A análise fatorial exploratório mostrou três fatores que explicavam um 39.79% da variação: 1) locus de controle externo por profissionais da saúde, 2) locus de controle externo aleatório e 3) locus de controle interno. Do mesmo jeito os valores alfa de Cronbach para avaliar a consistência interna dos fatores resultaram ótimos (valores α compreendidos entre 0.80 e 0.86). As análises feitas para avaliar a validez externa do questionário, a través do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, revelaram que os fatores locus de controle externo por profissionais da saúde e os fatores locus de controle externo aleatório correlacionaram positivamente com a intensidade da dor (r= 0.15, p<0.01; r=0.23, p<0.01 respetivamente), contudo, os valores obtidos foram baixos. Conclusão. Embora apresente limitações na sua validez externa, os estudos psicométricos feitos permitem concluir que o QLCD é um instrumento confiável e válido para avaliar locus de controle em população universitária argentina com dor crónica ocasionada por dores de cabeça.

Adaptación del cuestionario de alianza de ayuda revisado versión paciente (HAQ-II-P) para la población de cordobeses / Adaptation of the revised helping alliance questionnaire patient version (HAQ-II-P) for the population of Cordobans

La Psicología Basada en la Evidencia resultaría incompleta si no indagara el rol de la relación terapéutica. No obstante la ausencia de instrumentos adaptados obstaculiza el desarrollo de estudios empíricos en el contexto local. Este trabajo tuvo por objetivo principal adaptar la versión para pacientes del Cuestionario de Alianza de Ayuda Revisado (HAq-II). A su vez, como objetivo adicional se efectuó una comparación de tres modelos teóricos de alianza terapéutica. De esta manera, luego de traducir los ítems y evaluar la equivalencia mediante un panel de expertos se administró el HAq-II a una muestra de 119 participantes que se encontraban en tratamiento psicoterapéutico breve. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio sugieren un modelo subyacente de dos dimensiones: vinculo positivo con el terapeuta (alfa = .70) y acuerdo con los objetivos y tareas (alfa = .71). Cabe destacar que dicho modelo integra coherentemente las teorías propuestas por Luborsky y Bordin.

Evidence-based psychology would be incomplete if the role of the therapeutic relationship was not investigated. However, the absence of adapted instruments impedes the development of empirical studies in the local context. The principal objective of this work was to adapt the patient version of the revised helping alliance questionnaire (HAq-II). As an additional objective a comparison of three theoretical models of therapeutic alliance was carried out. After translating the items and evaluating their equivalency via a panel of experts, the HAq-II was administered to a sample of 119 participants undergoing brief psychotherapy. The results of the confirmatory factorial analysis suggest an underlying model of two dimensions: positive bond with the therapist (alpha = .70) and goal and task agreement (alpha = .71). It should be noted that this model fits coherently with the theories proposed by Luborsky and Bordin.

Validación del cuestionario de engagement UWES a la población de trabajadores de Córdoba, Argentina / Validation of the engagement questionnaire UWES for the population of workers of Cordoba, Argentina

El Engagement es un constructo teóricamente opuesto al Burnout y designa una experiencia de bienestar de la persona a raíz de la alta vinculación positiva con su trabajo. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar una validación del cuestionario de engagement UWES a la población de trabajadores de Córdoba, Argentina (N=674). Los resultados psicométricos preliminares son satisfactorios, en efecto se observaron valores óptimos y aceptables de consistencia interna (valores comprendidos entre 69 y 90) y los estudios de grupos contrastados resultaron coherentes con investigaciones antecedentes. No obstante los estudios de Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio sugieren que tanto un modelo de dos como de tres factores resulta plausible. Finalmente se discuten las implicancias teóricas y prácticas del presente trabajo...

Engagement is a construct which is theoretically opposite to Burnout and which denotes a personÆs experience of wellbeing that results from a highly positive connection with their job. The objective of the present work was to carry out a validation of the Engagement questionnaire UWES for the population of workers of Córdoba, Argentina (N=674). The preliminary psychometric results are satisfactory; optimal and acceptable values of internal consistency were found (values of ranging between 69 and, 90) and contrasted group studies were coherent with previous investigations. However, exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis studies suggest that both models with 2 and 3 factors are plausible. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of this work are discussed...

Adaptación del Cuestionario de Autoeficacia Profesional (AU-10) a la población de trabajadores cordobeses / Adaptation of the Professional Self-efficacy Questionnaire (AU-10) to the population of workers from Cordoba

Objetivo. En el presente trabajo se llevó a cabo una serie de estudios tendientes a evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Autoeficacia Profesional (AU-10) en la población de trabajadores cordobeses. Método. Se desarrolló un estudio de carácter instrumental, en el que participaron 684 trabajadores de la ciudad de Córdoba. Se evaluó el proceso de respuesta involucrado, aportando evidencia de la estructura interna del instrumento y aplicando análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Se examinó la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente a de Cronbach. Además de efectuar un estudio de convergencia con el Cuestionario de Autoeficacia Laboral resumido y se contrastaron grupos en función del género y la edad de los participantes. Resultados. Se observó un único factor subyacente, que explicaba un 53% de la varianza de la prueba, conformado por ítems homogéneos (a= .88). Luego de ciertas re-especificaciones en el modelo inicial, se observó un ajuste aceptable en los estudios de análisis factorial confirmatorio (x² = 135.92; p<0.00; GFI = .92; CFI = .92; RMSEA=.09). Los estudios de convergencia sugieren que ambos cuestionarios miden constructos semejantes (r =.42). Finalmente, se concluyó que los trabajadores de mayor edad y antigüedad tienden a expresar creencias más elevadas de autoeficacia profesional, tal como se esperaba a nivel teórico. Conclusión. Los resultados son prometedores porque se verifican algunas propiedades psicométricas importantes del AU-10 en la población de trabajadores de Córdoba. Contar con un instrumento de estas características posibilita el desarrollo de futuras líneas de trabajo, tanto de índole práctica como aplicada.

Objective. In this study a series of studies to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Professional Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (AU-10) were carried out in the population of workers of Córdoba. Method. An instrumental study was carried out in which 684 workers from Córdoba participated. The answering process was evaluated, evidence of internal structure was provided by applying an exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis, internal consistency was examined using Cronbach's a coefficient, a study of convergence was carried out using the summarized Work Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and groups were contrasted according to the sex and age of the participants. Results. A single underlying factor was found, which explained 53.45% of the variance of the test, this being made up of homogenous items (a=.88). After some re-specifications to the initial model, an acceptable fit was found in the confirmatory factorial analysis (X² = 135.92; p<0.00; GFI = .92; CFI = .92; RMSEA=.09). The convergence studies suggest that both questionnaires measure similar constructs (r=.42). Finally, it was found that older and more senior workers tend to express higher beliefs of professional self-efficacy, as is theoretically expected. Conclusions. The results are promising and open a wide range of future lines of work, both practically and applied.

Escopo. No presente trabalho foi levada a cabo uma série de estudos que tendem a avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Auto-eficácia Profissional (AU-10) na população de trabalhadores de Córdoba. Metodologia. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de caráter instrumental no que participaram 684 trabalhadores da cidade de Córdoba. Foi avaliado o processo de resposta involucrado, foi aportada evidencia da estrutura interna do instrumento, aplicando análises fatorial exploratório e confirmatório. Foi examinada a consistência interna mediante o coeficiente a de Cronbach. Foi efetuado um estudo de convergência com o Questionário de Auto-eficácia Laboral resumido e foram contrastados grupos em função do género e a idade dos participantes. Resultados. Foi achado um único fator subjacente que explicava um 53% da variação da prova e se encontrava conformado por itens homogéneos (a= .88). Depois de algumas re- especificações no modelo inicial, foi observado um ajuste aceitável nos estudos de análise fatorial confirmatório (X² = 135.92; p<0.00; GFI = .92; CFI = .92; RMSEA=.09). Os estudos de convergência sugerem que ambos questionários medem construtos semelhantes (r =.42). Finalmente, foi observado que os trabalhadores de maior idade e antiguidade tendem a expressar crenças mais elevadas de auto-eficácia profissional, tal como era esperado no nível teórico. Conclusão. Os resultados são prometedores porque são verificadas algumas propriedades psicométricas importantes do AU-10 na população de trabalhadores de Córdoba. Contar com um instrumentos de estas características possibilita o desenvolvimento de futuras linhas de trabalho, tanto práticas quanto aplicadas.